Saturday, December 11, 2004

Time Perception II: Cognitive Factors

Brandon requested a look at the cognitive aspects of time perception, and instead I gave him a post on the neuroscience of time perception. The main reason for that is that I find the neuroscience interesting, particularly the close connection between motor systems and time perception. However, there are interesting connections between the neuroscience and the cognitive and affective factors that influence it. Hopefully, in the course of this post, those connections will become clear. If not well, it's my blog. There are five main types of cognitive and affective factors that influence time perception: attention, modality, arousal, affective valence, and linguistic factors. I'm going to go through each factor and describe the ways in which they affect time perception, and some of the research demonstrating these effects, starting with modality.

Before I get to the main factors affecting time perception, I should talk about time-perception a little more generally. Humans are very accurate measurers of time at relatively short intervals (from milliseconds to minutes), with both the mean perceived time and the standard(the function of this relationship has a slope near 1 deviation of duration judgements varying linearly with elapsed time1. This second property (the linear relationship between duration and the standard deviation of duration judgements) indicates that time perception obeys Weber's Law, such that the absolute sensitivity of time judgements is independent of the length of the actual duration. Factors (in addition to those discussed below) that affect duration judgements include: the order in which stimuli are perceived (time-order errors), whether the interval is filled or empty (filled intervals are perceived as longer than empty ones), and the length of time between the event and the duration judgement (durations are remembered as having been longer if there is a delay in recall2).

In cognitive research, there are two general types of time-perception tasks. Participants are usually either asked to remember the duration of a particular event ("remembered duration"), in which case the participants do not learn that they must make a temporal judgement until after the event has occurred, or they are asked prior to the event to make a judgement about how long the event lasts ("perceived duration")3. Different factors affect performance in the two tasks differently, and research often consists in contrasting the effects of a particular IV on the two tasks. In neuroscience, the most common type of time-perception tasks are ones that require people to measure the timing of either a perceptual stimuli or the performance of a motor task, like those mentioned in the previous post, which are types of perceived duration tasks. Most of the research described below will use remembered or perceived duration tasks.

Attention

We've all had the experience of time flying when we are doing something interesting, or time dragging on when we are bored. For some time, psychologists have theorized that this is due to the sharing of attentional resources between the processing of the stimuli and the processing of temporal information. When a stimulus attracts a significant amount of attention, there is less attention available to process time. This results in a shortening of perceived duration judgements. When more attention can be given to temporal information, time judgements tend to be more accurate4. For instance, when participants were presented with interesting stories in a prospective judement task, they judged them to be shorter than stories of the same length that were less interesting5.

Of course, interestingness isn't the only thing that increases the amount of attention given to stimuli, and therefore taken from time processing. Thus, we would expect that the duration of difficult tasks would be perceived as shorter than the duration of easier tasks. To demonstrate this, in one experiment, researchers presented participants with either an easy or difficult stroop task. As predicted, the easier tasks were perceived as taking longer than the more difficult ones6. Similar effects have been found with syntactically ambiguous sentences (e.g., "Time flies like an arrow"). Ordinarily, remembered durations are judged to be shorter than perceived durations. However, in an experiment in which participants read syntactically ambiguous sentences, the relationship was reversed, with the perceived duration of reading times for those sentences being shorter than the remembered durations7.

As has probably become clear, attention does not affect remembered duration judements. This is because people tend not to pay attention to duration unless they are asked to, or the task is unusually dull ("How many more turns?"). Judgements of duration in remembered duration tasks are instead affected by things like changes in context, or changes in the ways that stimuli must be processed8.

Thus, there is ample evidence that attention-demanding stimuli (e.g., interesting or difficult tasks) affect perceived duration, but not remembered duration. The role of attention in perceived duration judgements is interesting, because it provides a point of contact betweenthe cognitive research and the neuroscientific. As I said in the previous post, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is active during duration judgement tasks. This brain region is also closely associated with attention, and one of the hypothesized roles of the DPC in time perception is that of allocating attentional resources to temporal information. The DPC is also responsible for the transmission of information about context changes to the hippocampus, a key structure in the storage of information in long-term memory. The transmission from the DPC to the hippocampus is likely automatic, and since this information is used to make remembered duration judgements, this automatic transmission explains why remembered duration judgements are not affected by the allocation of attention.

Modality

There are two main findings from research on the effects of modality on duration judgements: auditorily presented stimuli tend to be judged more accurately than visually presented stimuli, and when the durations of auditorily presented stimuli tend to be judged as longer than those of visually presented stimuli with equal actual duration. These findings primarily occur in perceived duration tasks. For instance, in a recent set of experiments, during a learning phase, participants were presented with either an auditory or visual stimulus of a target duration (400 ms). After the learning phase, they were presented with either a visual or auditory stimulus of the target duration, followed by test stimulus, and asked to indicate whether the test stimulus was of the same duration as the target duration. In the learning phase, participants were more accurate in judging auditory stimuli than visual ones, consistent with past research. In addition, the researchers found that when the learning phase and test phase stimuli were in different modalities (e.g., the duration is learned with visual stimuli, and tested with auditory stimuli), participants' accuracy dropped off significantly. In this case, participants tended to underestimate duration length. This is likely to do the increase in difficult of the task, resulting in the increased allocation of attentional resources9.

Arousal and Affect

Some psychologists have criticized the research on attention and time perception, because many of the experiments designed to show the effects of splitting attentional resources use stimuli that increase levels of arousal. This confound is difficult to remove, because the tests for increased mental load (the allocation of more attentional resources) also tend to be affected by levels of arousal. To test whether level of arousal can affect perceived duration judgements, Angrilli, et al.10 manipulated participants' arousal levels during stimuli presentation, and asked for duration judgements. In addition to arousal level, the emotional valence of the stimuli was also varied. Some stimuli carried a positive valence (with either high arousal, e.g., slides depicting sexual content, or low arousal, e.g., slides with photos of babies or puppies), while others carried a negative valence (with high arousal, e.g., humand wounds, or low arousal, e.g., spiders and rats). They found that arousal does affect perceived duration judgements, and that its effects differ depending on the emotional valence of the stimuli. When participants' arousal level was low, they tended to judge negative slides as having shorter durations, and positive slides as having longer durations. The effects were the reverse for high levels of arousal, with the durations of positive slides being underestimated relative to estimations of neutral slides, and the durations of negative slides being overestimated. Angrilli, et al. hypothesize that at low arousal, the allocation of attentional resources can affect time-perception, with negative slides receiving more attention, and therefore shorter duration estimations. However, attentional factors do not seem to be at play during high arousal judgements. The researchers hypothesize that this is due to the avoidance reactions caused by the negative stimuli. Since participants are unable to avoid those stimuli, they perceive the duration of their presentation as longer than it actually was.

As with attention, it appears that arousal level does not affect remembered duration judgements.The only direct test of this that I know of came from a study on the effect of caffeine on duration judgements. The study found that participants who were given caffeine consistently rated durations as shorter than participants who had received a placebo, in perceived duration tasks. However, caffeine had no effect on remembered duration11.

Temporal Language

Thusfar, the discussion has been about judgements of stimuli presented for relatively short durations. At longer durations, conceptual factors come into play. For that reason, it might be interesting to talk about the role of spatial terms in talking about and conceptualizing time. I've written about this before (see here), but I quick rehash won't hurt. In most languages, the terms used for talking about time are borrowed from space. In English, for example, we talk about things being "before" or "after," events occur "from" a time "to" another time, and events even have "length." In general, for English speakers, there are two ways of conceptualizing time in terms of space (see figure): either we are travelling through time towards future events, or time is travelling from the future toward us. The ways in which we talk about temporal durations (e.g., "We are coming up on finals" vs. "Finals are fast approaching") can influence which of these conceptions we use to represent them 12.

From Gentner, et al (2002), p. 539 Posted by Hello


Interestingly, while both spatial conceptions of time involve horizontal motion, Mandarin speakers use vertical terms to describe temporal relations. Even when speaking in English, individuals whose first language was Mandarin tend to conceptualize time verticallyl13. This indicates that there exist linguistic and cultural differences in time-perception.


1 Allan, L. G. (1979). The perception of time. Perception & Psychophysics, 26, 340-354.
2 Wearden, J., Parry, A., & Stamp, L. (2002). Is subjective shortening in human memory unique to time representations? Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B, 55, 25.
3 The terminology comes from Block R.A. (1990). Models of psychological time. In Block, R.A. (Ed.) Cognitive models of psychological time. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, p. 1-35.
4 Treisman, M. (1963). Temporal discrimination and the indifference interval: Implications for a model of the “Internal Clock”. Psychological Monographies, 77, n. 13.
5 Hawkins, M.F., & Tedford, A.H. (1976). Effects of interest and relatedness on estimated duration of verbal material. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 8, 301-302.
6 Zakay D., & Fallach, E. (1984). Immediate and remote time estimation – a comparison. Acta Psychologica, 57, 69-81.
7 Zakay, B., & Block, R. A. (2004). Prospective and retrospective duration judgments: an executive-control perspective. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis, 64, 319-328.
8 Zakay & Block (2004)
9 Klapproth, F. (2001). The effect of modality on retrieval of subjective duration from long-term memory. Fechner Day 2001. In E. Sommerfeld, R. Kompass, T. Lachmann (Eds.). Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the International Society of Psychophysics, 456-461.
10 Angrilli, A., Cherubini, P., & Pavese, A. (1997). The influence of affective factors on time perception. Perception & Psychophysics, 59(6), 972-982.
11 Gruber, R. P., & Block, R. A. (2003). Effect of caffeine on prospective and retrospective duration judgements. Human psychopharmacology: clinical and experimental, 18(5), 351-359.
12 Gentner, D., Imai, Mutsumi, & Boroditsky, L. (2002). As time goes by: evidence for two systems in processing space-time emtaphors. Language and Cognitive Processes, 27(5), 537-565.
13 Boroditsky, L. (2001). Does language shape thought? English and Mandarin speakers' conceptions of time. Cognitive Psychology, 43(1), 1-22.



60 comments:

Anonymous said...

Interesting, how one's context and one's personal interest colors one's thinking. This is very anthropocentric. Don't get me wrong - this is great stuff. But if I was asked to write about time perception, my approach would be very evolutionary, and most references to animal studies. I would have probably forgotten to include the human stuff. I guess I would have written something similar to the chapter on time perception in Sara Shettleworth's "Evolution, Cognition and Behavior".

Or perhaps something like this:

http://sciencepolitics.blogspot.com/2004/12/wwdd-what-would-darwin-do-or.html
 

Posted by coturnix

Anonymous said...

The main animal-model theory of human timing is scalar expectancy theory, and I could have written about that, but it's really kind of boring, and on top of that, it's becoming more and more controversial. It's clear thatwe have an internal clock, but is it just one, or many? There are a lot of questions for a pretty boring theory.

If I remember correctly, your posts were primarily about the various rhythms (circadian, circannual, etc.), which is interesting, but is really at a much lower level (early perceptual, pre-cortical, and very primitive) than what I usually deal with, or know much about. I wouldn't feel comfortable talking about that stuff, because it's outside of my knowledge base for the most part. As a cognitive psychologist, I'm going to end up talking about cognitive research in the end, no matter what.

The evolutionary stuff pretty much stops at the level you talked about in your posts, too. We don't have a good evolutionary account of much of what we know about time at the cortical level, or even in the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia/cerebellum. The evolutionary stories for these sorts of processes are a long way off, I think. Of course, that doesn't stop evolutionary psychologists from trying.

Shettleworth's book, if I remember correctly, deals primarily with animal cognition. I don't think there's been a lot of research on the role of things like attention on timing in animals, and strangely, most of the neuroscience work has been on humans. Does she talk much about human timing and the different factors I mentioned (attention, modality, or the role of the motor system, e.g.)?


 

Posted by Chris

Anonymous said...

Nope, Sara writes only about animals - very basic stuff. I am personally interested in animals learning time-of-day, i.e., if the circadian clock places a "time-stamp" on memories. The findings so far are controversial. 

Posted by coturnix

Anonymous said...

OK, that's what I thought. That sounds like interesting stuff that I, unfortunately, know nothing about. For better or worse, I know about human cognition almost exclusively (I have some knowledge of non-human primate language, or lack there of, from the work of people like Marc Hauser and Michael Tomasello, but that's just because I'm interested in the evolution of language). 

Posted by Chris

Anonymous said...

I find the modality difference (the difference in accuracy between the auditory and the visual) to be fascinating; it's not something I would have expected. 

Posted by Brandon

Anonymous said...

Yup, SET is getting very controversial these days, but so is classical animal learning findings (eg., scalar property of time perception). There's an article, by Simon Grondin,http://www.psy.ulaval.ca/~perception/Pages/Grondin%202001-1.pdf, that reviews those controversies.
Besides, the field of time perception is actually made up of two fields that overlap most of the time (eg., again, scalar property of time perception), but have a few dissimilarities. First one - and that is the one that you seen to get more into - is human temporal psychophysics. The second one is in the field of animal learning. Great insights can be taken from Wearden´s article: http://www.cafescientifique.man.ac.uk/documents/wearden_origins.pdf

Anonymous said...

So, I am of a cognitive neuroscience mind and wonder what everyone's thoughts are on how the "striatal-beat frequency" model of temporal processing holds up... Here's a link to a figure in the nature article by Buhusi & Meck (2005) http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v6/n10/fig_tab/nrn1764_F7.html. I think basic idea is that subcortical regions monitor oscillations from cortical regions, in a sense batching the information to then be distributed as "interval" information. This seems to combine the state-dependent models with clock-accumulator models; the former interpreting time as a function of changes in network state and the latter, as an accumulation of bits of information per unit time. Any reactions?

Anonymous said...

Few have wow gold even heard wow gold of the god buy wow gold called Bandos. buy wow gold For many cheap wow gold centuries he cheap wow gold has been thought wow power leveling to be an wow power leveling ancestor of the power leveling ogres, perhaps power leveling even the beast wow gold that claimed buy wow gold the lands of cheap wow gold the Feldip Hills world of warcraft gold and Jiggig.

Anonymous said...

cheap products for man penis enlargement ideal penis enlargement
penis enlargement pills penis enlargement pills
penis enlargement exercises fast weight loss supplements weight loss

penis enhancement
natural penis enlargement

Edward said...

Nice!
----------------------------------
welcome to HuBei ChengLi Special Automobile Co.,Ltd,special manufacturer of Water Truck.
China Water Truck, All kind of chassis Water Truck,
Dong FengWater Truck, FotonWater Truck, Sino truck of

water truck.

Unknown said...

This goes right along with the way we can tell ourselves what time we want to wake up and wake up right on time in the morning without an alarm clock. The brain is an amazing instrument.

Amanda, owner of Personal Checks Company

gener said...

Hi, good review. I wouldn't feel comfortable talking about that stuff, because it's outside of my knowledge base for the most part. As a cognitive psychologist, I'm going to end up talking about cognitive research in the end, no matter what.
....................
twitter - my twitter profile.

usadrug said...

Hi. I know about human cognition almost exclusively

Nintendo DSi said...

Free DSiFree Nintendo DSiFree PSPFree PS3Free Xbox 360Free Xbox 360 Elite

Anonymous said...

Do you know dofus kamas? I like it. My brother often goes to the internet bar to buy kamas and play it. After school, He likes playing games using these cheap kamas with his friend. I think that it not only costs much money but also spend much time. One day, he give me many dofus gold and play the game with me. I came to the bar following him and found buy dofus kamas was so cheap.

Anonymous said...

o you know cabal online alz? I like it. My brother often goes to the internet bar to buy cabal alz and play it. After school, He likes playing games using these cabal gold with his friend. I do not like to play it. Because I think that it not only costs much money but also spend much time. One day, he give me many cabal money and play the game with me. I came to the bar following him and found buy cabal alz was so cheap.

jewelry said...

Yaling Jewelry engaged to provide jewelry wholesale ,we have a good factory

in China, make us to be Jewelry

Suppiler
and Jewelry

Manufacturer
,we have large jewelry

market
base in Yiwu city,all of our items base on small jewelry , our jewelry factory is located in Yiwu, the biggest commodity city in China. We have

abundant products on show in clued fashion jewelry , Amber jewelry,

Crystal Jewelry, Silver Jewelry, Bead Jewelry,Hair Accessory, Korean Jewelry, Warmly welcome customers all over

the world come and cooperation for mutual benefit.

jewelry said...

Jewelry Store

Gold Guide for World of Warcraft said...

good post :)

polo fashion said...

polo shirts
ralph lauren polo shirts
burberry polo shirts
cheap polo golf shirts
wholesale polo shirts
wholesale polo
Lacoste polo shirts
ralph lauren polo shirts
burberry polo shirt
wholesale lacoste polos
cheap lacoste polos
ralph lauren polo shirts
discount polos
ralph lauren polo shirt
polo shirts
tennis rackets
tennis racquet
polo fashion
cheap polo shirts
polo shirts

Anonymous said...

Tennis Racquet babolat tennis racquet head tennis racquet wilson tennis racquet wilson ncode racquet

Anonymous said...

head liquidmetal racket baskets puma future cat low engine noir zapatos pumaspeed cat engine de pumachaussures puma fluxionchaussures nike air maxnike tn femme"nike shox torch"nike shox torch r4chaussure sport discounte

Anonymous said...

maple story mesosmaple story mesosmaple story mesosmaple story mesosmaple story mesosmaple story mesosmaplestory mesosmaplestory mesosmaplestory mesosmaplestory mesosmaplestory mesosmaplestory mesosmaple story goldmaple story goldmaple story goldmaple story goldmaple story goldmaple story goldmaplestory goldmaplestory goldmaplestory goldmaplestory goldmaplestory goldmaplestory goldmaple story moneymaple story moneymaple story moneymaple story moneymaple story moneymaple story moneymaplestory moneymaplestory moneymaplestory moneymaplestory moneymaplestory moneymaplestory moneybuy maple story mesosbuy maple story mesosbuy maple story mesosbuy maple story mesosbuy maple story mesosbuy maple story mesosbuy maplestory mesosbuy maplestory mesosbuy maplestory mesosbuy maplestory mesosbuy maplestory mesosbuy maplestory mesosmaple storymaple storymaple storymaple storymaple storymaple storymaplestorymaplestorymaplestorymaplestorymaplestorymaplestorybuy maple story mesosbuy maple story mesosbuy maple story mesosbuy maple story mesosbuy maple story mesosbuy maple story mesoscheap mesoscheap mesoscheap mesoscheap mesoscheap mesoscheap mesosmaple story shopmaple story shopmaple story shopmaple story shopmaple story shopmaple story shopcheap msmesoscheap msmesoscheap msmesoscheap msmesoscheap msmesoscheap msmesoslotro goldlotro goldlotro goldlotro goldlotro goldlotro goldlotro goldlotro goldlotro goldlotro goldlotro goldlotro goldlotro goldlotro goldlotro goldlotro goldlotrolotrolotrolotrolotrolotrolotrolotrolotrolotrolotrolotrolotrolotrolotrolotrobuy lotro goldbuy lotro goldbuy lotro goldbuy lotro goldbuy lotro goldbuy lotro goldbuy lotro goldbuy lotro goldbuy lotro goldbuy lotro goldbuy lotro goldbuy lotro goldbuy lotro goldbuy lotro goldbuy lotro goldbuy lotro goldlotrlotrlotrlotrolotrolotrlotrlotrlotrlotrlotrlotrlotrlotrlotrlotrlotr goldlotr goldlotr goldlotro goldlotro goldlotr goldlotr goldlotr goldlotr goldlotr goldlotr goldlotr goldlotr goldlotr goldlotr goldlotr goldlord of the rings goldlord of the rings goldlord of the rings goldlord of the rings goldlord of the rings goldlord of the rings goldlord of the rings goldlord of the rings goldlord of the rings goldlord of the rings goldlord of the rings goldlord of the rings goldlord of the rings goldlord of the rings goldlord of the rings goldlord of the rings goldlord of the rings online goldlord of the rings online goldlord of the rings online goldlord of the rings online goldlord of the rings online goldlord of the rings online goldlord of the rings online goldlord of the rings online goldlord of the rings online goldlord of the rings online goldlord of the rings online goldlord of the rings online goldlord of the rings online goldlord of the rings online goldlord of the rings online goldlord of the rings online gold

Anonymous said...

Puma shoesnike max shoesnike shox shoesUgg Boots

Anonymous said...

Ralph Lauren Polo is the most famous sports shirt.Burberry Polo Shirt is the most well-known in France jerseys. The north face jacket is a winter essential goods.Columbia jacket and spyder jacket let people have more choice of clothes. Different brands have different design styles, but all it attracts us.
ed hardy clothing
ed hardy clothes
ed hardy shirts
ed hardy t-shirts
ed hardy sunglasses
ed hardy mens
ed hardy womens
Wholesale Handbags
Cheap Handbags
Womens Handbags
Cheap Purses
Designer Handbags

Anonymous said...

http://pumacat0.cocolog-nifty.com/
http://wholesaleol.net/
http://webthink.jugem.jp/
http://community.fox2now.com

gazeteler said...

Thanks so much.. This makes my week.

Anonymous said...

you'll be surprised at the plentiful varieties such as Kingdom Hearts Cosplay, Bleach Cosplay, Final Fantasy Cosplayand you are sure to find the special anime cosplay costumes you've been looking for wholesale costume in our store.

Anonymous said...

Aftersex toysseries,asex shopof,boardadult toysdetermined,companyadult shoppast,Yahoo'ssexy lingerieweek,meetingsvibratorperson,decisionadult productsbelow,anystrap onshare,overadultshopadvantage,coulddildooffer,theMalaysia sex toysregulators,tryingSingapore sex toysdigging,massivelysex toy$31,thatCondomsaid,takeoverParadise sex toys shopbattle,woodenParadise Sex Toys Adult Shop Singapore Malaysiastand,word delivery,stand,wordParadise Sex Toys Adult Shop Singapore Malaysiadelivery,committed toParadise Sex Toys Adult Shop Singapore Malaysiacertain,schoolSex Toys Shop Singapore Malaysiaproducts,BuyParadise Sex Toys Adult Shop Singapore MalaysiaNow

Unknown said...

we have lots of polo shirts
Abercrombie Fitch

clothing

Abercrombie Fitch

hoodile

ralph lauren shirts
Columbia Jacket
north face jackets
spyder ski jacket
polo shirts
polo shirt
spyder jackets
spyder jacket
mens spyder jackets
spyder jackets for cheap
spyder ski jacket
womens spyder jackets
ralph lauren
spyder jackets cheap
spyder jackets for men
cheap spyder jackets
north face jackets
discount spyder jacket
ralph lauren t shirts
ralph lauren polo shirts on sale
discount ralph lauren polo shirts
ralph lauren shirts
ralph lauren polo discount
ralph lauren polo sale
ralph lauren polo

shirts

ralph lauren polo wholesale
north face jackets
north face jacket
Columbia Jacket
ralph lauren

jacket

Abercrombie Fitch hoodile
Abercrombie Fitch clothing
abercrombie fitch
abercrombie fitch


welcom to our store.

ralph lauren polo sale said...

I like your blog, it's just what I want to say. Thank you!

ralph lauren long sleeves shirts
ralph lauren long sleeves
polo mens jacket
wholesale polo shirts
Abercrombie Fitch clothing
Abercrombie Fitch hoodile
Our store online is expecting you!

jordan air shoes said...

Nice work and thank you very much!
By the way ,the nike max ltd is really good NIKE air shoes ,don’t forget buy the puma mens shoes and nike air max ltd by the internet when you need them . Do you know Nike Air Shoes is a best Air Shoes . another kinds of Nike shoes is better . For example , Nike Air Rift is good and Cheap Nike Shoes .the nike shox shoes is fitting to running.

Anonymous said...

electronic cigarette | electronic cigarettes

Anonymous said...

Good info, i have gain much from this article!

From learn Spanish and learning French

Unknown said...

Japanese Machines!

FreebieJeebies said...

It's a really interesting field, but to be honest I don't think I understand it completely. Surely your cognitive factors are borne from your awareness of time and therefore your association centre..... and that would be determined biologically.

Free Xbox 360

Anonymous said...

Anothre set of ralph lauren polo in three colors. Ralph

Lauren Polo Shirts
come with a graduation of colors on the chest. The new shiki Cheap polo

shirts logo is on the chest. Comes in all layres and can be worned tucked in or out Wholesale Polo Shirts -50% OFF.
Also comes with sculpted collar and arm cuffs.Flat knit collar, Contrast placket and half

moon, Mothre-of-pearl buttons and tennis tail, Soft double knit piqué,100% cotton ralph lauren

polo shirts. If you lend your embroidrere a sample cheapralph lauren polos that will help you get

the closest match to the original embroidreed design. The artwork you provide will sreve as a

template for your embroidrey set-up but discount ralph lauren polos can't be used to identify some

stitch types, cheap polo shirts Cheap Polo Shirtsgive

precise sizing of embroidreed elements and show thread polo clothing colors.

Anonymous said...

I am grateful to you for this great content

araç sorgulama
sorgulama
ehliyet
açıkĂ¶ÄŸretim
baÄŸkur sorgulama
ssk sorgulama
emekli sandığı
cinsellik

karakocan said...

very nice site, thank you for everything

pharmacy rx said...

Really nice page. Thanks alot!

Unknown said...

Ed Hardy clothing

Air Max

wholesale polo shirts

Tn Requin

Ralph Lauren

Chaussures Nike

Wholesale Polo Shirts

cheap polo shirts

Polo Shirts

Air Shoes

Tennis Racquet Shop

Cheap Polo Shirts

Unknown said...

ankh royalty

ankh royalty clothing

ankh royalty sweats

ankh royalty tracksuits
babyliss
babyliss pro
babyliss hair
babyliss i trim
babyliss flat iron
babyliss you curl
babyliss hair straighteners
babyliss hair straightener
babyliss straightener
babyliss straighteners
babyliss portability
babyliss straightening irons
babyliss hair iron
babyliss straightening iron

Linn said...

jordan 1
jordan 2
jordan 3
jordan 4
jordan 5
jordan 6
jordan 7
jordan 8
jordan 9
jordan 10
jordan 11
jordan 12
jordan 13
jordan 14
jordan 15
jordan 16
jordan 17
jordan 18
jordan 19
jordan 20
jordan 21
jordan 22
jordan 23
Michael Jackson memorial

Unknown said...

ghd hair straighteners babyliss pro 230 ceramic Pro 230 Elegance Pro 230 Straight & Curl Total Freedom 230 Benefit GHD IV Styler GHD Benefit Limited Edition GHD IV Salon Styler GHD MINI STYLER GHD Precious Gift GHD Rare Styler GHD Rare Limited Edition Gold GHD IV Styler Kiss GHD Kiss GHD styler Pink GHD IV Styler Pink GHD IV Styler Pink GHD IV Styler

Unknown said...

Pink GHD IV Styler Pure Black GHD Pure White GHD Purple GHD IV Styler Purple GHD ghd hair straighteners ghd mk4 straighteners pink ghd hair straighteners pink ghd hair straighteners pink ghd straighteners pink ghd straighteners hair straightners cheap straighteners GHD HAIR hair straighteners ghd hair straighteners ceramic flat iron straightening iron ceramic hair straightener ceramic straightener best hair straightener Armani Sunglasses Armani New Styles sunglasses Armani Sunglasses

Unknown said...

Burberry Sunglasses Cartier Sunglasses Cartier goggles sunglasses Cartier Sunglasses Chanel Sunglasses Chanel New Styles sunglasses Chanel sunglasses Coach sunglasses D&G Sunglasses Dior Sunglasses ED Hardy Sunglasses ED New Styles sunglasses ED hardy sunglasses Fendi Sunglasses Gucci sunglasses Gucci New Styles sunglasses Gucci sunglasses LV sunglasses LV New style Sunglasses LV sunglasses Oakley sunglasses Police sunglasses Prada sunglasses Ray Ban Sunglasses Ray Ban New Styles Sunglasses Ray Ban Sunglasses Roberto Cavalli Sunglasses Versace Sunglasses cheap gucci sunglasses

Unknown said...

cheap Prada sunglasses cheap D&G Sunglasses discount gucci sunglasses discount Prada sunglasses discount D&G Sunglasses cheap Oakley sunglasses discount Oakley sunglasses fashion brand sunglasses paul smith bags paul smith jeans paul smith shirts paul smith shoes paul smith suits paul smith wallet paul smith burberry bur berry burberry outlet burberry bags burberry boots Burberry Prorsum Burberry Scarves Burberry Shoes Burberry Sunglasses Burberry Watches Burberry bag Burberry Shirts Burberry Shirt

Unknown said...

Interesting, how one's context and one's personal interest colors one's thinking.NFL Jerseys
tn chaussures
chaussures puma
Tn Requin

Unknown said...

Thanks for your great post . it help me a lot ! but I have something to share with you too ! you can login our website to look around , all our products are top quality and low prices . would you like to buy something ? ok follow me ! better choice better life ! do not leave something to regret in yourfuture!
Cheap Polo
Air Max
Nike Chaussures
Chaussures Sport
NFL Jerseys
China Wholesale
Thanks, it is very nice and helpful .i agree with you very much ! but I have something to share with you too ! you can login our website to look around , all our products are top quality and low prices . would you like to buy something ? ok follow me ! better choice better life ! do not leave something to regret in yourfuture!
NFL Jerseys
tn chaussures
chaussures puma
Tn Requin
Cheap Polo Shirts
chaussures pas cher
better choice better life !Thanks for your post , it is very nice and helpful .see you !

Unknown said...

cheap nike shox
cheap sport shoes
nike tn dollar
ed hardy ugg boots
ed hardy love kills slowly
ed hardy clothing us
ed hardy clothing
cheap ed hardy
cheap ed hardy clothing
ed hardy clothes
ed hardy wholesale
ed hardy clothing
ed hardy t shirts
ed hardy shirts
ed hardy uk
ed hardy t shirts
ed hardy shirts
ed hardy hoodies
Cheap JORDAN SHOES,,
cheap nike max ,。
puma future cat
ed hardy ugg boots.
ed hardy love kills slowly boots.
ed hardy love kills slowly.
ed hardy polo shirts.
cheap ed hardy clothing,.
ed hardy shirts .
ed hardy t shirts.,.

ai said...

discount chanel outlet
is one of the most famous and renowned fashion houses, offering its wide range of products, all over the world. Among all the fashion related accessories and items, cheap chanel outletare the most demanding and popular ones. chanel 2010
Women have always been in love with newest chanel
, as these are the most important accessories, which help in making a woman look stylish and impressive. With a stylish and matchingracoste polo with your outfit, you are all set to leave your home, whether you are going on work or are going to attend a formal or informal occasion; your discount ralph lauren outletwill help you in grabbing the attention of the people, towards you.

Anonymous said...

lovely!

Bedding Duvet Covers Baby Nursery Cribs Nursery Furniture Sets Diaper Tote Bags Lightweight Baby Stroller Purple Area Rugs Cotton Comforter Sets Cloth Diaper Covers Synthetic Down Comforter Silk Comforter Sets Dry Vapor Steam Cleaner
Weber Grill Accessories Weber Grill Parts Weber Grill Covers Aerobed
Raised
Hoover Carpet Cleaners Coleman Air Mattress Intex Pool Pump Metrologic Barcode Scanner Aerobed Premier Raised Goodyear Wrangler Tires Monogrammed Diaper Bags Hayward Pool Filters

Anonymous said...

nice
Swiffer Coupons Lane Bryant Coupons Olive Garden Coupons Coldwater Creek Coupons Joann Fabrics Coupons Similac Coupons Enfamil Coupons Oil of Olay Coupons TGI Fridays Coupons Ruby Tuesday Coupons Great Clips Coupons

Famous Footwear Coupons Sweet Tomatoes coupons Jiffy Lube Coupons Midas Coupons DSW Coupons Petsmart Coupons Betty Crocker Coupons Hollister Coupons Gamestop Coupons ihop Coupons AMF Bowling Coupons Dairy Queen Coupons Build a Bear Coupons Fantastic Sams Coupons

ai said...

ugg boots
polo boots
polo shoes

herve leger
herve leger handage dress

chanel outlet
chanel handbags
chanel bags
chanel iman

ralph Lauren polo
ralph lauren outlet
lacoste polo
polo raplh lauren

air jordan 2010
cheap jordan shoes
jordan ajf shoes
discount jordan shoes
jumpman23

moncler
moncler jackets
moncler coats
moncler vest
moncler outlet
moncler Polo t shirt
cheap five finger shoes

Michelle said...

I appreciate your bright ideas in this glasses article. Great work!

This is the best eyeglasses online article I have ever found on the Internet.

What an inspiring article you wrote! I totally like the useful eyewear info shared in the article.

Bright idea, hope there can be more useful articles about cheap eyeglasses.

I am glad to read some fantastic prescription glasses article like this.

I greatly benefit from your articles every time I read one. Thanks for the cheap kids glasses info, it helps a lot.

You have given us some interesting points on child glasses. This is a wonderful article and surely worth reading.

I really like this kids sunglasses article, and hope there can be more great resources like this.

We share the opinion on unisex glasses and I really enjoy reading your article.

Your do have some unique ideas here and I expect more unisex eyeglasses articles from you.

I totally agree with you on the point of metal eyeglasses. This is a nice article for sure.

I like your ideas about plastic glasses and I hope in the future there can be more bright articles like this from you.

Great article, it's helpful to me, and I also like the useful info about plastic eyewear.

Great resources of titanium eyeglasses! Thank you for sharing this with us.

Thank you so much for sharing some great ideas of aviator glasses with us, they are helpful.

It has been long before I can find some useful articles about aviator eyewear. Your views truly open my mind.

Excellent point here. I wish there are more and more wood-like eyeglasses articles like that.

Good job for writing this brilliant article of rimless glasses.

I love this rimless eyewear article since it is one of those which truly convey useful ideas.

This wood-like eyewear article is definitely eye-opening and inspiring.

Michelle said...

Thank you so much for sharing some great ideas of nds card with us, they are helpful.

I love this nintendo ds article since it is one of those which truly convey useful ideas.

This is the best ez flash vi article I have ever found on the Internet.

This dstti card article is definitely eye-opening and inspiring.

I greatly benefit from your articles every time I read one. Thanks for the m3 dsi info, it helps a lot.

Your do have some unique ideas here and I expect more r4 articles from you.

I really like this r4 dsi article, and hope there can be more great resources like this.

I totally agree with you on the point of r4 sdhc. This is a nice article for sure.

I appreciate your bright ideas in this ak2i cards article. Great work!

What an inspiring article you wrote! I totally like the useful acekard 2i info shared in the article.

I am glad to read some fantastic tti upgrade article like this.

It has been long before I can find some useful articles about nintendo ds card. Your views truly open my mind.

I like your ideas about dstti adv price and I hope in the future there can be more bright articles like this from you.

Excellent point here. I wish there are more and more DSTT cards for dsi articles like that.

We share the opinion on M3 Adapter and I really enjoy reading your article.

Bright idea, hope there can be more useful articles about r4i gold.

Good job for writing this brilliant article of R4 Revolution for DS.

You have given us some interesting points on Acekard AK2i. This is a wonderful article and surely worth reading.

Great resources of ak2i ds lite! Thank you for sharing this with us.

Great article, it's helpful to me, and I also like the useful info about Acekard 2i dsi 1.4.

Unknown said...

My favorite brand is ed hardy wholesale, and I always want this brand of
wholesale handbags. And its T-shirts are very special too. I really hope I can wear its
wholesale t-shirtsto go to school and go shopping with my friends, and it will be awesome. And most of my friends like the Ed Hardy style too.
However, this brand is too expensive for me to buy. An Ed Hardy Nike wholesale cost nearly 250 dollars. It is almost a cost of my living of mouth. I am only an ordinary student who has no trust fund; no job and no income that I can’t afford to pay such high price for its sunglasses wholesaleor wholesale ghd. So, I won’t buy the Ed Hardy brand series at least for now.

Admin said...

free dsi
Free Hdtv
Free imac
free ipad
Free iphone
free ipod
Free macbook
free mobile phone
free ps3
free psp
free sat nav
free wii
free xbox 360

Unknown said...

GHD Mini Styler|Nike air jordan 2010|cheap Jordan shoes|discount jordan shoes|jordan|jumpman23|Jordan ajf shoes|NFL JERSEYS|NBA JERSEYS|NHL JERSEYS|MLB JERSEYS|FOOTBALL JERSEYS|NFL|NBA|NHL|MLB|spyder|spyder jackets|spyder ski wear|
cheap ugg boots|discount ugg boots|ugg boots|classic ugg boots|ugg classic tall boots|cheap ugg boots|discount ugg boots|ugg boots|classic ugg boots|ugg classic tall boots|

Unknown said...

vibram kso
vibram running shoes
MBT boots
MBT shoes in fashion
cheap mbt shoes sale
discount mbt outlet 2010
MBT Walking Shoes

spyder
spyder jackets
spyder ski wear
coach outlet
coach handbag
coach handbags
coach bag
coach bags


spyder
spyder jackets
spyder ski wear

spyder
spyder jackets
spyder ski wear

ugg boots
ugg boots cheap
discount ugg boots
classic ugg boots
ugg classic tall boots
GHD Mini Styler

cheap ugg boots
discount ugg boots
ugg boots
classic ugg boots
ugg classic tall boots