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The complete opposit is the case. Study after Study DOES show media bias. <BR/><BR/>However, I will conced that a partisan will find news and information that validates their own position and not equate their news source is bias. Quite the contrary, they will see news organizations that offer a different opinion than their own as biased. <BR/><BR/>The bias learning model negates influences that differ than one's own opinion. A partisan will suscribe to news outlets that reaffirm their veiws without regard to other view points that contradict their own opinions.<BR/><BR/>These are only a sample of any Google search. Additioinally, as a Graduate Student, I have many hundreds of references of media bias from non-partisan research groups that I have used on a research project in Political Science. The below links are just a random search that any one can perform. See links.<BR/><BR/>http://www.cmpa.com/index.htm<BR/><BR/>http://economics.missouri.edu/Working_Paper_Series/2005/wp0501_milyo.pdf<BR/><BR/>http://www.cesifo.de/pls/guestci/download/CESifo%20Working%20Papers%202006/CESifo%20Working%20Papers%20September%202006/cesifo1_wp1798.pdf<BR/><BR/>http://www.polisci.ucla.edu/faculty/groseclose/Media.Bias.8.htm<BR/><BR/>http://www.mediaresearch.org/welcome.aspAnonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8182098.post-1153849566168059482006-07-25T12:46:00.000-05:002006-07-25T12:46:00.000-05:00People have to accept that objectivism does not ex...People have to accept that objectivism does not exist.<BR/><BR/>Everything is biased in life.Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8182098.post-1153840057724607722006-07-25T10:07:00.000-05:002006-07-25T10:07:00.000-05:00You're missing a much more obvious solution. Name...You're missing a much more obvious solution. Namely that the media aren't that good at their jobs, or simply overworked if you want to be nice. On any complex issue there are too many relevant facts for the reporter to understand.<BR/><BR/>The article ends up being 3 talking points from each side, plus the reporter's opinion. Anyone who's polliticaly active will notice that 90% of their argument has been cut. Plus the reporter will draw conclusions that are often easily refutable.<BR/><BR/>Since the people being interviewed don't have a chance to respond to the conclusions, it can be very frustrating for someone who has a good come back that will never see the light of day.<BR/><BR/>Essentially we live in a specialized industrial society and reporters are still trained to be generalists. Their incompetence is being misinterpreted as malice.Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8182098.post-1145307153566648512006-04-17T15:52:00.000-05:002006-04-17T15:52:00.000-05:00Thanks Chris,I'll need to go through the research ...Thanks Chris,<BR/><BR/>I'll need to go through the research details you cite before I can continue this thread. Hopefully I can pick this up again when i've finished a couple of papers with pressing due dates!!Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8182098.post-1145305314343383212006-04-17T15:21:00.000-05:002006-04-17T15:21:00.000-05:00Rike, I cited a couple papers in the post that use...Rike, I cited a couple papers in the post that used neutral observers (see the first few footnotes). <BR/><BR/>Now, a good Chomskyan or Adornoian or Marcusean might argue that the media is in fact biased, but not in the way that people think it is biased (in the HME). Instead, the HME, as it plays out, is a symptom of that bias: the media is one among many factors that makes people think in one-dimensional terms. The bias is either liberal or conservative, in their minds, while there are many other possible dimensions.<BR/><BR/>However, on that one dimension, I think it's possible to look for bias, as many have done, and conclude whether there is or isn't based on the data. And if poeple still perceive bias on that dimension, then we can be certain that their perceptions are biased as well. <BR/><BR/>Another possibility is that the media is biased in the sense that it tends to fall somewhere in the middle of mainstream opinion on a dimension (e.g., liberal and conservative), and tends to leave out the extremes. That's probably the case, as well, but I tried to make the point in the post that the HME has become part of the mainstream opinion, and since there is a wealth of empirical evidence that relative to mainstream liberal and conservative views, there is no bias, their perceptions are still off.Chrishttps://www.blogger.com/profile/08417970139690159046noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8182098.post-1145303347413448002006-04-17T14:49:00.000-05:002006-04-17T14:49:00.000-05:00Hi Chris,thanks for the further clarification. I d...Hi Chris,<BR/><BR/>thanks for the further clarification. I did indeed miss some of the aspects that you are interested in regarding HME. I take it then that the issue is something like this; two football teams play a match, you support one team and I the other. The game ends 1-1 and we both complain that the referee was biased against our respective teams (which, if it occurred would violate the law of non-contradiction)? <BR/>My point, though, is that this isn't the question that we really want to answer if it turns out that there IS a bias. Maybe the ref. really was biased in favour of the other team and I'm particularly adept at spotting such behaviour. Hence I perceive a genuine bias and it's just your skewed perceptions that we need to address. <BR/>In other words, I think the question that HME is examining is only relevant when we can find cases where there really is no bias. And i'm still unconvinced that many cases of such media coverage exist. It isn't just a case of bias along one dimension. If mass media is part of the establishment, so to speak, this ideological element is likely to infect coverage of a huge range of very specific topics along multiple dimensions. Perhaps you could give me some examples from the research that are claimed to provide evidence of neutrality?<BR/>One quick point, the media analysis which Chomsky is associated with was, by his own admission, the brain-child of Ed Herman. Chomsky acknowledges that he just helped with the empirical data for the model.Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8182098.post-1145299157920920332006-04-17T13:39:00.000-05:002006-04-17T13:39:00.000-05:00Rik, sorry about the little jab at Chomsky. I tend...Rik, sorry about the little jab at Chomsky. I tend to make them whenever an opportunity presents itself. It has little to do with this discussion (though the point that Chomsky's view of the media is hardly original is worth making). <BR/><BR/>Now, as for whether we can test for directional biases in the media. The answer is, of course, that no one measure would leave us confident in any conclusion. So, we use multiple measures along particular dimensions to test for specific directional bias. And if we don't find any, we can be fairly confident that, at least in that direction, it doesn't exist. <BR/><BR/>As for "neutral" people, while you and I (and certainly Chomsky) may think that the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is a huge issue that everyone thinks about, the fact is that it would not be difficult to find people who know nothing about it (or about genetically altered foods, or even abortion). Some of these people would quickly form opinions when watching news coverage, but that's part of the reason for doing research on media bias (to see if it leads people to form opinions on one direction or another).<BR/><BR/>Also, you seem to be missing an important point about the HME. It may very well be true that the media is biased (again, I think it has what you might call a one-dimensional bias), but that won't affect the search for biases in particular directions. And, it may be that there are biases in particular directions. But nothing about that, or anything else you've said, would explain why people who take a side on an issue (or a general political orientation) almost always perceive the bias to be in the opposite direction. But it can't be the case that it is both skewed towards one side, and skewed towards the opposite side. That's not what bias or skew, mean. In other words, unless you or Chomsky believes that the media is, in fact, capable of breaking the law of noncontradiction, you've still got some data to explain.Chrishttps://www.blogger.com/profile/08417970139690159046noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8182098.post-1145294550061519882006-04-17T12:22:00.000-05:002006-04-17T12:22:00.000-05:00Hi Chris, thanks for the comments; they help clari...Hi Chris, thanks for the comments; they help clarify some points. However, my overall position is still relevant. The HME literature you cite only reaps the results that it does based on the ‘finding’ that there is no media bias on any of the specific issues that they investigate subject responses to. That the research claims, in the first instance, there is no media bias is clearly a major methodological flaw. Any ideological bent in mass media reporting will surely affect its coverage along many, and perhaps all, dimensions. Furthermore, the notion of neutral subjects in this research is also flawed. If subjects declare themselves to be neither pro-Israeli nor pro-Palestinian, for instance, and they have arrived at this ‘neutral’ position based on media bias, then clearly to call such a subject genuinely neutral is simply question begging. <BR/>Also, your ad hominem point about ‘actual political philosophers from Frankfurt, rather than linguists from Cambridge’ is quite ironic given your interest in the HME literature. You mention that subjects will perceive a bias depending on the provenance of the information (journalist vs. student) and then you proceed to question the veridicality of some research because the geographical location of the author/s or their professional title doesn’t suit your taste!Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8182098.post-1145214137126528172006-04-16T14:02:00.000-05:002006-04-16T14:02:00.000-05:00rik hine, First, the research I cited looks both a...rik hine, <BR/><BR/>First, the research I cited looks both at the Democrat/liberal-Republican/conservative dimension, and at particular issues (genetically altered foods, abortion, gun control, etc.), and it does so in several different countries. So, it's not just about liberal and conservative bias, though most people in the U.S. perceive the bias as being in one of those two directions.<BR/><BR/>I'm quite familiar with "Manufacturing Consent," though I'm not sure anything in it even approaches "one of the most empirically well supported theses in the social sciences." But even if the filtering of the media were that well confirmed, it would be irrelevant to the points in the HME literature. The HME literature looks at specific issues, and beliefs about the direction of bias on particular dimensions. <BR/><BR/>My own political philosophy (which is heavily influenced by actual political philosophers from Frankfurt, rather than linguists from Cambridge) leads me to see it as biased, too, in that (as I'm sure Chomsky would agree) the media sticks to a couple dimensions, or as Marcuse says, one dimension. But that's irrelevant to the research, too, because that's not the bias people perceive.Chrishttps://www.blogger.com/profile/08417970139690159046noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8182098.post-1145210310690967422006-04-16T12:58:00.000-05:002006-04-16T12:58:00.000-05:00I'm aware that your main interest in this subject ...I'm aware that your main interest in this subject is about the cognitive mechanisms that might underlie HME. However, any theory you might offer will be woefully inadequate if it attempts an explanation based on the reserach about HME that you have cited. Several of the other commentators seem to have noticed this, particularly J.Alden. That there is mainstream media bias may be obscured if you are mis-identifying the axis on which the bias lies. As others have noted, the research you cite seems to explore bias based on a false dichotomy, i.e., Democrat vs. Republican, or 'liberal' vs. 'conservative'. <BR/>I'm surprised that no one has cited Herman and Chomsky's classic work in this field "Manufacturing Consent: the Political Economy of the Mass Media". In this work the authors present the 'propaganda model' to explain how the information, provided by mainstream media, is filtered before it is disseminated. This is surely one of the most empirically well supported theses in the social sciences. If the propaganda model is correct, and i'd be interested to hear some genuine counter-arguments, then the issue of HME dissolves; there is a perceived bias because there REALLY IS bias. Furthermore, there are some careful polls produced of late which clearly show the huge divide between public opinion and the agenda setters in mainstream media who pretend to represent their position.Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8182098.post-1144964998697920162006-04-13T16:49:00.000-05:002006-04-13T16:49:00.000-05:00I wonder why you've conveniently narrowed the defi...I wonder why you've conveniently narrowed the definition of "bias" to the superficial political terms of "left" and "right"... perhaps to gloss over the fact that the mass media genuinely (and unabashedly) <I>are</I> biased?<BR/><BR/>Do you think a television news program would let me run a commercial convincing people to turn off their televisions? What if I wanted to run a commercial promoting "Buy Nothing Day"? Of course these kinds of commercials would never air, regardless of whether the news station was neutral, or leaned left or right. <BR/><BR/>That's because the media are <I>pro-business</I>. If this isn't a bias, I don't know what is. Especially when you consider how intertwined business and politics are. The fact that big business influences both the left and the right makes the mass media appear politically neutral; but the fact that they refuse to take anti-corporate stances reveals them to be anything but.Jasonhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/04928783699577261107noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8182098.post-1144918855187178892006-04-13T04:00:00.000-05:002006-04-13T04:00:00.000-05:00Bah, this post is proof of your liberal bias!Bah, this post is proof of your liberal bias!Heohttps://www.blogger.com/profile/15790601758953554870noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8182098.post-1144869209336455192006-04-12T14:13:00.000-05:002006-04-12T14:13:00.000-05:00Heather, it's not that I don't buy it. I'm just no...Heather, it's not that I don't buy it. I'm just not sure why that is. For all I know, there may be a large body of research on how we react to messages that are widely broadcast vs. messages that are narrowly broadcast. I'd be interested to find literature that might suggest reasons for hostile vs. assimilation biases in the two cases, as well. I don't know of any, though. If I find some, I'll let you know. And maybe someone reading this knows of some, and can let us both know.Chrishttps://www.blogger.com/profile/08417970139690159046noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8182098.post-1144857943507046122006-04-12T11:05:00.000-05:002006-04-12T11:05:00.000-05:00Gunther and Schmitt argue that their data may indi...<I>Gunther and Schmitt argue that their data may indicate the influence of the "perceived reach of the information."</I><BR/><BR/>I think you are right to stress prior beliefs, but I had the same intuition as Gunther and Schmitt as I was reading your post, even before reaching this sentence, though I'm not sure I can articulate why...you don't seem to buy it though.<BR/><BR/>I guess I'm wondering if people attend to information differently when that information is being cast to a large audience, even in a non-media context. Something about individual versus group context?...imagine, for example, that one of your students describes a debate you're having with another academic in an essay. Then imagine they are describing the debate in a speech to a large audience. Would you ("you" meaning anyone) listen differently? This is just an intuition though...do you know of any work related to this question?Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8182098.post-1144812181954206522006-04-11T22:23:00.000-05:002006-04-11T22:23:00.000-05:00Bob, exactly. When I say that I think motivated co...Bob, exactly. When I say that I think motivated cognition is involved, what I mean, in essence, is that prior beliefs bias our perception, memory retrieval, and perhaps categorization of instances.Chrishttps://www.blogger.com/profile/08417970139690159046noreply@blogger.com