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L. Roberts, T., Noll, S. M., Quinn, D. M., & Twenge, J. M. (1998). That swimsuit becomes you: Sex differences in self-objectification, restrained eating and math performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 269-284.<BR/><BR/>http://socialpsych.uconn.edu/Fredrickson_et_al_JPSP1998.pdfprofanityhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/07547176130413866577noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8182098.post-1122351377644076882005-07-25T23:16:00.000-05:002005-07-25T23:16:00.000-05:00Ahkay, thanks for clarifying that.Ahkay, thanks for clarifying that.Richard Y Chappellhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/16725218276285291235noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8182098.post-1122319391372672622005-07-25T14:23:00.000-05:002005-07-25T14:23:00.000-05:00Richard, that's one possible interpretation, but I...Richard, that's one possible interpretation, but I don't think it explains the whole of the data. Since I didn't include numbers, or all of the relative differences, it's really my fault. Men in the have the strongest performance overall. In other words, their performance increases relative to women in all conditions and men in the weak condition. This is why they conclude that there is a bump. It could be said that the "strength" condition improves women's performance, but it doesn't affect their performance to the extent that it affects the men's performance.Chrishttps://www.blogger.com/profile/08417970139690159046noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8182098.post-1122292482347054772005-07-25T06:54:00.000-05:002005-07-25T06:54:00.000-05:00"Men showed the opposite pattern. They performed b..."<I>Men showed the opposite pattern. They performed better when they were told that the test measured math strength than when they were told that it measured math weakeness. This indicates that the effects of gender-related math stereotypes can be positive or negative. If you are a member of a group that is negatively stereotyped, then stereotype threat will hurt your performance, whereas the performance of members of the group that is positively stereotyped will perform better when the stereotype is active.</I>"<BR/><BR/>I'm puzzled by this reasoning. Let me clarify how I'm reading it (and please do correct me if I've misunderstood):<BR/><BR/>1. DATA: Both males and females do better in positively ("strength") than negatively ("weakness") framed conditions.<BR/><BR/>2. The stereotype treats men and women differently -- associating the former with math strength, and the latter with weakness.<BR/><BR/>3. EXPLANATION: This inversion can be cancelled out by suggesting that stereotype threat will respectively help and hinder those positively and negatively stereotyped.<BR/><BR/>4. By this double inversion, we get back to the original result. Thus it is explained.<BR/><BR/>Now, wouldn't it be far more logical to skip the whole double inversion thing, and simply stop at step 1? This would yield the sensible conclusion that everybody is helped by positive framing and hindered by negative. Different stereotypes (plus different reactions to those stereotypes, in order to cancel the inversion) don't seem to have anything to do with it. It just seems like a pointless complication: like adding "+ 2 - 2" to a maths equation.<BR/><BR/>(That doesn't speak to the rest of the post at all. I'm just suspicious of this specific bit of reasoning, is all.)Richard Y Chappellhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/16725218276285291235noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8182098.post-1122158256290486872005-07-23T17:37:00.000-05:002005-07-23T17:37:00.000-05:00As an old marketing researcher, I'd like to point ...As an old marketing researcher, I'd like to point out the alternative explanation to Steele's theory. In the marketing research business, a major problem is that survey respondents try to figure out what the answer is that you'd like to hear and give it to you -- if their are no costs to them.<BR/><BR/>The widespread enthusiasm for Claude Steele's "stereotype threat" theory is particularly odd because its assumption that blacks collapse under a pressure would seem racially derogatory. Back in the bad old days, it was bigoted whites who jeered that black sports pioneers like Joe Louis, Jesse Owens, and Jackie Robinson would choke as soon as the spotlight was on them. They didn't. Similarly, Paul Robeson didn't suddenly forget his lines when the curtain came up on Othello, nor did Marian Anderson sing off-key at the Lincoln Memorial. In fact, they all seemed to experience the opposite of stereotype threat: "stereotype stimulation," a burning desire to prove their naysayers wrong.<BR/><BR/>So eventually, that old stereotype died out.<BR/><BR/>In reality, however, nobody cares about these logical implications because nobody truly believes in stereotype theory.<BR/><BR/>Stereotype theory's fans just want to use it to wish away the white-black test score gap.<BR/><BR/>Unfortunately for them, the January 2004 issue of the scientific journal American Psychologist, the publication of the American Psychology Association, ran a pointed article by Paul R. Sackett, Chaitra M. Hardison, and Michael J. Cullen documenting that Steele's research is<BR/><BR/>"[w]idely misinterpreted in both popular and scholarly publications as showing that eliminating stereotype threat eliminates the African American-White difference in test performance.”<BR/><BR/>The psychologists’ point:<BR/><BR/>"[R]ather than showing that eliminating threat eliminates the large score gap on standardized tests, the research actually shows something very different. Specifically, absent stereotype threat, the African American–White difference is just what one would expect based on the African American–White difference in SAT scores, whereas in the presence of stereotype threat, the difference is larger than would be expected based on the difference in SAT scores."<BR/><BR/>In other words, Steele only showed he could persuade black students to do worse than they did on the SAT. He did not show he could make black Stanford students score better than they had on the Verbal SAT—which was about a half-standard deviation below the white Stanford students in the study.<BR/><BR/>Far from than debunking the SAT, Steele tacitly relied on the SAT as a fair measure of ability. (Curtis Crawford of the www.DebatingRacialPreference.org website has examined the new critique in detail for the National Association of Scholars.)<BR/><BR/>What Steele's fans have failed to grasp is that Steele was not investigating how the SAT was too hard on blacks, but how it was too easy on them. Blacks at elite colleges tend to get worse grades than their SAT or ACT scores (or high school GPA) would predict.<BR/><BR/>In a 1992 Atlantic article, Steele dealt frankly with this little-known fact:<BR/><BR/>"This pattern has been documented so broadly across so many regions of the country, and by so many investigations (literally hundreds), that it is virtually a social law in this society--as well as a racial tragedy."Steve Sailerhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/11920109042402850214noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8182098.post-1121980248248549942005-07-21T16:10:00.000-05:002005-07-21T16:10:00.000-05:00Oh! Never mind, I understand now. I should have ...Oh! Never mind, I understand now. I should have kept reading before asking.Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8182098.post-1121980112267284692005-07-21T16:08:00.000-05:002005-07-21T16:08:00.000-05:00...female participants who had been told that the ...<I>...female participants who had been told that the test would determine whether they were weak at math (the stereotype-consistent test description) performed worse than female participants who had been told that it twould test whether they were strong in math. Men showed the opposite pattern. They performed better when they were told that the test measured math strength than when they were told that it measured math weakeness.</I><BR/><BR/>Do you mean men performed better when they were told the test measured math weakness than when told it measured math strength? That would be the opposite pattern, wouldn't it?Anonymousnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8182098.post-1121973363418402852005-07-21T14:16:00.000-05:002005-07-21T14:16:00.000-05:00All the arrgle-bargle aside, I can say from my yea...All the arrgle-bargle aside, I can say from my years of teaching university math that girls tended to perform noticeably better at lower levels (the "science" of math) than the boys. I gave it a little bit of thought at the time, and concluded that the difference was mostly due to the fact that girls tended to follow the instructors' instructions more often than the boys did.<BR/><BR/>How did they compare at the upper levels in math (the "art" of mathematics)? Don't know - there were too few girls there to draw any serious conclusion - which is a pity.sherifffruitflyhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/14676077292357887614noreply@blogger.com